Ecology and habitats of bamboos in Yunnan, China - Wang Kanglin

Research Fellow, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Abstract

Understanding the ecology and habitats of bamboos is the main requirement to develop silviculture and sustainable exploitation of bamboo resources. In addition, information on ecology and habitats of bamboo species provides a base for making silvicultural improvements.

There are two basic types of bamboo rhizome system, namely: monopodial and sympodial. Rhizome is a stable and natural structure, this being a very important structure used in bamboo taxonomy. Tropical bamboos mostly belong to the sympodial system, and temperate bamboo species to the monopdial system. Based on ecology and habitats of bamboo, bamboo forest resources in Yunnan can be divided into three types. Namely: 1) temperate bamboo forest; 2) sub-temperate bamboo forest; and 3) tropical bamboo forest.

Key Words: Bamboo; Ecology; Habitat; Yunnan

Introduction

Ecology and habitats of bamboo provide the base for silvicultural development. Understanding the ecology, habitats, and distribution of the bamboo forests is a prerequisite for conservation, cultivation and improvement of bamboo productivity. The rhizome system is one of the least well understood parts of the bamboo plant, and rhizome system establishes the clump or the running habit of bamboo (McClure 1966). The bamboo propagation system uses rhizomes also. The distribution of bamboo species, and formation of bamboo forest is strongly influenced by a series of complex and diversified ecological factors, including topography, precipitation, temperature, latitude, altitude, soil, and so on.

The province of Yunnan, covers 3 940 000 ha, 84% of which is mountainous area, 10% plateau, and 6% basin area. The elevation is low in the South but high in the North, from the South to the North the elevation rises from 76.4 to 6740 m above sea level, while the horizontal distance is less than 1000 km. Many large rivers in Asia originate from or pass through Yunnan, such as Jinsa (Upper Yangtze River), Nanpan (Upper Pearl River), Yuan (Red River), Lancang (Mekong River), Nu (Salween River), and Duolong - Daying (Irrawaddy River). Yunnan thus has good variation in geography and water resources. Strong tropical monsoon and the plateau landform, are suitable for the formation of rich vegetation. Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the Indo-China Peninsula are next to each other and great diversity of species and vegetation has been recorded in Yunnan. The bamboos are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and form many stable communities.

Rhizome

There are two basic types of rhizome systems, namely: pachymorph (determinate, sympodial, or clump-forming type), and leptomorph (indeterminate, monopodial, or running type) (McClure 1966; Wong 1995). Another fundamental difference is the primary culms resulting from a monopodial rhizome are of the same order of branching, whereas culms resulting from the sympodial rhizome system are of successively increasing order, and more than one new rhizome may be produced from the lateral buds of the existing rhizome (Wong 1995).

There are four subtypes of rhizome system: 1) sympodial - tufted: not the runner type, rhizomes do not elongate, as in Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, and Gigantochloa, etc.; 2) sympodial - scattered: no buds on the nodes, few or no roots develop; as in Fargesia; 3) Monopodial - scattered: rhizomes are true runners, bud at the culm develops into runner, as in Phyllostachys; and 4) Amphipodial - mixed: rhizome elongates to form true runner and bud at culm base can grow into new culm as in Indocalamus (Fig. 1) and (Table 1).

Fig. 1. The types of rhizome

1. Sympodial - tufted; 2. Sympodial - scattered; 3. Amphipodial - mixed; and 4. Monopodial - scattered

Rhizome type	Bamboo genera
Sympodial - tufted	Ampelocalamus, Bambusa, Cephalostachyum, Chimonocalamus, Dendrocalamopsis, Dendrocalamus, Dinochloa, Gaoligongshania, Gigantochloa, Melocalamus, Neosinocalamus, Racemobambos, Schizostachyum, Teinostachyum, Thamnocalamus, Thyrsostachys
Sympodial - scattered	Fargesia, Yushania, Pseudostachyum
Monopodial - scattered	Bashania, Ferrocalamus, Indosasa, Pleioblastus, Phyllostachys, Sinobambusa
Amphipodial - mixed	Chimonobambusa, Indocalamus, Qiongzhuea

Distribution and habitat

Ecological distribution of bamboos is related to the annual precipitation and temperature of the area where they grow. Other environmental factors are also related with growth of bamboo, such as latitude, altitude, soil, and so on. High temperatures accelerate bamboo growth and low temperatures inhibit the growth rate (Uchimura 1987). The monopodial bamboo species, such as Phyllostachys, Indosasa, Chimonobambusa, and Pseudostachyum, are mainly distributed in temperate regions and some on highlands of the subtropical area. The sympodial type, such as Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, Schizostachyum, Cephalostachyum, Thyrsostachys, and others grow in the tropical areas. Hui (1990) reported the community type, colony structure and dynamics of Dendrocalamus membranaceus based on the ecology and phytocology. Wang and Hsueh (1994) discussed the distribution and environment of natural and cultivated bamboos in Xishuangbanna. Yang (1997) studied the shoot emergence and forest development of Schizostachyum funghomii McClure, including variation in culm size, form, weight, wall thickness and the water content. Distribution and utilization of bamboos in Yunnan was discussed by Hsueh et al. Some of the mainpoints of such studies are summarized (Tables 2, 3, and 4).

Some of the small-sized bamboos grow as epiphytes on tree trunks and others occasionally exhibit tree form due to closeness of culm growth (Figs. 2-4).

Table 2. The major bamboo forest types in Yunnan, Southwest China

Types of forest	Nature of vegetation	Species	Distribution
Temperate bamboo forest	Small-sized & mixed	Fargesia spp.	Alpine and subalpine areas in W. and NW. Yunnan
		Yushania spp.	Widespread distribution in Subtropical medium-alpine areas
Sub-tropical bamboo forest	Medium-sized & scattered	Chimonobambusa spp.	Widespread distribution
		Qiongzhuea tumidinoa	Yongshan, Danguang, Yiliang, Zhenxiong
		Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis	Centre and South Yunnan
	Medium-sized & mixed	Fargesia yunnanensis	Mountainous areas in W. and C. Yunnan
	Large-sized & scattered	Phyllostachys pubescens	Yiliang, Yanjin
	Large-sized & clustered	Bambusa intermedia	The plains and river valleys in C. and S. Yunnan
		Neosinocalamus affinis	Widespread distribution in the plains of C. Yunnan
Tropical bamboo forest	Small-sized & viny	Teinostachyum spp.	Xichou, Guangnan, Jinping, Mengla
	Medium-sized & viny	Melocalamus campactiflorus	Honghe, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Dehong
		Dinochloa spp.	Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Lincang
	Medium-sized & scattered	Indosasa purpurea	Wenshan, Honghe
		I. singulispicula	Xishuangbanna
		Pseudostachyum polymorphum	Xishuangbanna, Dehong
		Ferrocalamus strictus	Jinping, Luchun, Yuanyang
	Medium-sized & clustered	Chimonocalamus spp.	SE. and SW. Yunnan
		Schizostachyum pinbianensis	Pingbian, Malipo, Maguan
	Large-sized & scattered	Indosasa sinicus	SE. and SW. Yunnan
	Large-sized & clustered	Dendrocalamus membranaceus	Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Honghe
		D. giganteus	Widespread distribution in S. Yunnan
		Dendrocalamus barbatus	South and Southwest Yunnan
		D. sikkimensis	Hekou, Jinping
		D. yunnanensis	Widespread distribution in S. Yunnan
		Gigantochloa spp.	Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Menglian, Lancang
		Bambusa lapidea	S. Yunnan
		B. sinospinosa	Lower lands in SE. and S. Yunnan
		Schizostachyum funghomii	The muggy areas in SE. and SW. Yunnan
		Cephalostachyum pergracile	Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Lincang, Ximao
		Thyrsostachys siamenensis	Xishuangbanna, Dehong

Table 3. Habitats and geographic distribution of bamboo genera

Genera	Distribution	Habitats	Types
Ampelocalamus	NE	Tropical lower mountainous area	VII
Bambusa	C to S	Tropical and subtropical plains and river valleys	I
Bashania	NE and C	Subtropical medium mountain area	VII
Cephalostachyum	S to W	Tropical, humid, and medium mountainous area	III
Chimonobambusa	Widespread distribution	Temperate to subtropical medium mountainous area	VI
Chimonocalamus	SE to SW	Subtropical medium to higher mountainous area	IV (1)
Dendrocalamopsis	S	Cultivation	IV (1)
Dendrocalamus	Widespread distribution	Tropical and subtropical, medium mountain to lower lands	IV
Dinochloa	S	Tropical lower river valleys	IV
Fargesia	NW and W	Alpine and subalpine areas	V
Ferrocalamus	SE	Tropical medium mountainous area	VII
Gaoligongshania	W	Medium mountainous area	VII
Gigantochloa	S, and SW	Tropical lower land and mountainous areas	III
Indocalamus	S	Subtropical, humid lower mountainous area	III
Indosasa	SE, and S	Subtropical medium mountainous area	IV (2)
Melocalamus	SE, S, and SW	Tropical medium to lower mountain, and river banks	IV (1)
Neosinocalamus	C to S	Cultivation in subtropical area	IV (1)
Phyllostachys	Widespread Distribution	Temperate to subtropical medium mountainous area	VI
Pleioblastus	S, and SE	Subtropical medium mountainous areas	VI
Pseudostachyum	S, and SW	Subtropical medium to higher mountainous area	IV (1)
Qiongzhuea	NE	Temperate higher mountain	VII
Racemobambos	W	Cold higher mountain area	II
Schizostachyum	SE to SW	Tropical lower mountain areas	III
Sinobambusa	SE	Temperate, medium mountainous area	VI
Teinostachyum	SE, and S	Tropical lower mountainous area	IV (1)
Thamnocalamus	W	Temperate higher mountainous area	VI
Thyrsostachys	S, and SW	Tropical lower lands	IV (1)
Yushania	Widespread distribution	Subtropical, higher mountain	III

Notes:

1. Distribution: C - Centre Yunnan; E - East Yunnan; NE - Northeast Yunnan; NW - Northwest Yunnan; S - South Yunnan, SE - Southeast Yunnan; SW - Southwest; W -West Yunnan.

2. Types: I - Trop. Asia, Africa & C. To S. Amer. disjuncted; II - Trop. Asia & Trop. Australasia; III -Trop. Asia to Trop. Africa; IV - Trop. Asia (Indo - Malesia), 1 - Trop. India to S. China (esp. S. Yunnan), 2 - Vietnam (or Indo - Chinese Peninsula) to S. China (or SW. China); V - C Asia to Himalaya & S. W. China; VI - E Asia; and VII - Endemic to China.

Botanical Name	Distribution
Ampelocalamus menglaensis	S: Mengla.
A. saxatilis	NE: Weixin, 1000-1200m
A. yongshanensis	NE: Yongshan, 660 m
Bambusa annulata (Schizostachyum. a.)	E: Luoping, 1000 m
B. blumeana	S, SE, and E: Mengla, Yuanyang, Jinping, and Luoping
B. burmanica	W: Ruili, Longchuan, and Yingjiang
B. cerosissima	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. chungii	S, C, and SE: Wenshan, Mengla, and Kunming
B. dissemulator	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. distegia (Neosinocalamus b.)	S: Mengla; 580 m
B. eutuldoides	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. gibba	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. gibboides	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. intermedia	W, SE, E, NE, and C
B. lapidea	S, SW, W, and C: Xishuangbanna, Simao, Lincang, Dehong, Baoshan, Dali, and Zhuxiong
B. glaucescens	Widespread cultivation
B. glaucescens cv. alphonse	Widespread cultivation
B. glaucescens cv. fernleaf	Widespread cultivation
B. nutans	SW: Gengma
B. pallida	SW: Yingjiang
B. pervariabilis	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. piscaporum	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. polymorpha	S: Mengla
B. prominens	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. rigida	E, and SE: Yiliang, Guangnan, Pingbian, and Malipo
B. rutila	SE
B. sinospinosa	SW, S, SE and NE: Dehong, Xishuangbanna, Honghe, Wenshan, and Zhaotong
B. subaequalis	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. textilis	Cultivation in S: Mengla
B. textilis var. gracilis	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. tulda	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. tuldoides	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
B. ventricosa	Widespread cultivation
B. vulgaris	S, and SE: Mengla, Simao, and Jinping
B. vulgaris cv. vittata	Cultivation in W, S, E to C
B. vulgaris cv. wamin	Cultivation in S: Xishuangbanna and Simao
B. yunnanensis (Neosinocalamus y.)	W: Tengchong
Bashania faberi	NE: Qiaojia
B. fargesii	Cultivation in C: Kunming
Cephalostachyum fuchsianum	S, and W: Jinghong, Menghai, Shuangjiang, Tengchong, and Fugong; 1200-2000 m
C. pallidum	SW: Luxi, Longling, and Yingjiang; 1200-2000 m
C. pergracile	S to SW: Xishuangbanna, Lincang, and Dehong
C. virgatum	SW: Luxi, and Ruili
C. scandens	W to SW: Fugong, Lushui, Tengchong, Longling, Yingjiang, and Gengma
Chimonobambusa armata	W: Gongshan, Fugong, Lushui, and Tengchong; 1500-2000 m
Ch. brevinoda	SE: Malipo, Maguan, and Xichou; 1500-2100m.
Ch. grandifolia	SE: Dawei Mountain, Pingbian; 1500 m
Ch. microfloscula	SE: Jinping, and Pingbian; 1400-1800 m
Ch. pachystachys	NE: Yiliang, Fuyuan, and Zhengxiong; 900-2000 m
Ch. paucispinosa	NE: Suijiang
Ch. tuberculata	NE: Yongshan, Yanjin, and Weixin; 1350-2000m.
Ch. utilis	NE: Yiliang; 1800m.
Ch. yunnanensis	SE, S, and W: Luchun, Yuanyang, Gejiu, Guangnan, Menghai, Yingjiang, Luxi, and Baoshan; 1600-2000m.
Chimonocalamus delicatus	SE: Jinping; 1400-2000 m
Ch. dumosus	SE: Xichou; 1500 m
Ch. dumosus var. pygmaeus	SW: Gengma
Ch. fimbriatus	SW: Gengma, Shuangjiang, Changning, Longling, Luxi, Ruili, Longchuan, and Yingjiang
Ch. griffithianus (Ch. tortuosus)	SW: Yingjiang
Ch. longiligulatus	S: Luchun, and Jiangcheng; 1100-1300 m
Ch. longiusculus	SE: Xichou; 1650 m
Ch. makuanensis	SE: Maguan; 1700-1900 m
Ch. montanus	W: Tengchong; 1740 m
Ch. pallens	S: Jinping and Yuanyang
Dendrocalamopsis beecheyana	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
D. beecheyana var. pubescens	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
D. oldhami	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
D. vario-striata	Cultivation in S: Mengla, 580 m
Dendrocalamus asper	SW and S: Dehong and Xishuangbanna
D. bambusoides	C to SE: Kunming, Yuxi, Jianshui, and Yuanyang; 200-1900m
D. barbatus	S to SE: Xishuangbanna, Jiangcheng, Gengma, and Jinping; 360-1100 m
D. barbatus var. internodirradicalus	S: Mengla; 600-1000 m
D. birmanicus	W to SW: Tengchong, Luxi, and Yingjiang; 800-1000 m
D. brandisii	SE, S and SW: Jinping, Xinping, Xishuangbanna, Jiangcheng, Gengma, Ximeng; 600-1300 m
D. calostachyus	S: Jinghong, and Menghai; 800-1400 m
D. farinosus	C to E: Luquan, Fumin, Wuding, and Luoping
D. fugongensis	W: Fugong, and Weixi; 1200-1800 m
D. giganteus	Widespread cultivation in S, W to C; 500-1500 m
D. hamiltonii	S: Xishuangbanna; 500-1400 m
D. jianshuiensis	SE: Jianshui, and Yuanyang; 800-1500 m
D. latiflorus	SE, S to C: Xichou, Hekou, Maguan, Mengla, and Kunming; 150-2000 m
D. membranaceus	S to SE: Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Simao, and Honghe; <1000 m
D. membranaceus f. fimbriligulatus	S: Mengla; 580 m
D. membranaceus f. pilosus	S: Jinghong, and Mengla; 580-900 m
D. membranaceus f. striatus	S: Jinghong, and Mengla; 580-1400 m
D. pachystachys	C to SE: Chengjiang, Xinping, Jinping, Yuanyang, and Wenshan; 1000-1600 m
D. parishii	W: Fugong; 1300 m
D. patellaris	W and SE: Yingjiang, Ruili, Longling, Gengma, Luchun, Yuanyang, and Jianshui; 1400-1800 m
D. peculiaris	SE and S: Jinping, Mengla, and Jinghong; 1000-1200 m
D. semiscandens	SW to S: Yingjiang, Longling, Longchuan, Ruili, Lancang, Ximeng, and Mengla; 900-1300 m
D. sikkimensis	SE to S: Hekou, Jinping, and Mengla; 130-600 m
D. sinicus	S: Mengla, Menghai, Gengma, Cangyuan; 600-1000 m
D. strictus	S: Jinghong, and Mengla; 580-1400 m
D. tibeticus	W: Lushui, 1200-1700m
D. tomentosus	SW: Cangyuan; 800 m
D. yunnanicus	SE to S: Luoping, Gejiu, Jinping, Yuanyang, Hekou, and Mengla; 80-800 m
Dinochloa multiramora	SE to S: Jinping, Jiangcheng, and Mengla
Fargesia acuticouiracia	W: Weixi and Gongshan; 2000-3000 m
F. altior	W: Tengchong; 2300-2500 m
F. aurita	W: Lushui; 2650 m
F. caduca	SW: Jinggu; 1830 m
F. circinata	SW: Changning
F. communis	NW: Lijiang, Weixi, Yangbi, and Gongshan
F. confracta	W: Lushui, and Baoshan; 2000-3000 m
F. confracta var. evacuata	W: Lushui, and Gongshan; 2200 m
F. confracta var. fugongensis	W: Fugong; 2800-3000 m
F. declivis	W: Gongshan; 2450 m
F. dura	NW: Weixi; 3200 m
F. edulis	W: Lushui, Yunlong, and Baoshan; 2100-2800 m
F. fractiflexa	NW to C: Lijiang, Eryuan, Binchuan, Zhongdian, and Dayao
F. frigida	NW: Yangbi; 3100-3700 m
F. fungosa	E to C: Dongchuan, Huize, and Liliang; 1800-2700 m
F. gongshanensis	W: Gongshan; 1450 m
F. hsuehiana	SE: Jinping; 2000 m
F. hygrophila	C: Dayao; 1600-3000 m
F. lincangensis	S: Lincang; 2900-3200 m
F. lushuiensis	W: Lushui; 1780 m
F. longiuscula	NE: Yongshan; 1480 m
F. macrophylla	W: Fugong; 1950 m
F. mairei	C: Dayao; 2950-3600 m
F. nujiangensis	W: Nujiang; 2600-3200 m
F. nujiangensis var. hirinoda	W: Lushui; 2100 m
F. nujiangensis var. lanpingensis	W: Lanping; 2900-3000 m
F. nujiangensis var. striata	W: Gongshan; 2500-2600 m
F. orbiculata	NW: Lijiang; 3850 m
F. pachyclada	W: Lushui; 2800 m
F. pallens	W: Lushui; 2000 m
F. pagyrifera	W: Lushui, and Gongshan, and Yunlong; 2750-3600 m
F. perlonga	C: Kunming; 1900 m
F. pleniculmis	W: Gongshan; 2500-3000 (3820) m
F. plurisetosa	S: Menghai; 1500 m
F. porphyea	SE: Wenshan, and Maguan; 1250-2500 m
F. pracilus	W: Gongshan; 1850-2600 m
F. sagittatinea	W: Gongshan; 2450-2900 m
F. semicoriaces	NE: Dongchuan; 2000-3000 m
F. similaris	NW
F. solida	W: Tengchong; 2300-2500 m
F. stricta	W: Lushui; 2300 m
F. strigosa	S: Lincang; 2900 m
F. subflexuosa	W: Yangbi; 2810-3100 m
F. sylvestris	NW: Deqing; 3250 m
F. tenuilignea	W to SW: Fengqing, Zhenkang, and Shuangjiang; 2810-3100m
F. utilis	NE: Dongchuan; 2700-3650 m
F. wuliangshanensis	W: Jingdong; 3000-3500 m
F. yuanjiangensis	C: Yuanjiang and Kunming
F. yulongshanensis	NW: Lijiang; 3050-4200 m
F. yunnanensis	C to NW: Kunimng, Dayao, Fengqing, Changning, Binchuan, Eryuan, and Lijiang
Ferrocalamus strictus	SE: Jinping, Yuanyang, and Luchun; 900-1200 m
Gigantochloa albociliata	S: Menghai and Mengla; 500-800 m
G. felix	S: Menghai; 1160-1350 m
G. levis	S: Mengla; 580-1000 m
G. ligulata	S: Mengla, and Jinghong; 450-800 m
G. nigrociliata	S: Xishuangbanna; 500-1600
G. parviflora	S: Menghai, and Mengla; 580-1460 m
Gaoligongshania megathyrsa	W: Gaoligongshan; 1600-2200 m
Indocalamus hirtinosus	S: Jiangcheng
I. latifolius	C: Kunimng; 1900 m
I. longiauritus	SE: Xichou
Indosasa amara	S: Jiangcheng; 1100 m
In. hispida	S: Jinghong, Mengla; 500-1000 m
In. ingens	SE: Maguan; 900-1600 m
In. purpurea	SE: Maguan, Malipo, Hekou, Pingbian, Jinping, Yuanyang, Luchun; 1000-1700 m
In. singulispicula	S: Xishuangbanna; 500-1600 m
In. sinica	SE, S and SW: Hekou, Luchun, Jiangcheng, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, and Dehong; 400-1500 m
In. triangulata	SE: Maguan; 1200 m
Melocalamus errectus	SE to SW: Malipo, Hekou, Jinping, Yuanyang, Luchun, Lancang, Jiangcheng, Shuangjiang, and Cangyuan; 750-1900 m
M. compactiflorus	W to S: Yingjiang, and Jinghong; 1000-1600 m
M. fimbriatus	S: Jinghong, Menghai, Menglian, Lancang, and Yingjiang; 1000-1700 m
M. scandens	S: Jiangcheng, and Simao; 750-1100 m
Neosinocalamus affinis	Widespread cultivation <1900 m
N. affinis cv. flaridorivens	Cultivation in S: Mengla; 580 m
Pleioblastus amarus	C to S: Kunming and Mengla.
Pl. oleosus	C: Kunming
Pseudostachyum polymorphum	S to SW, 100-1400 m
Phyllostachys arcana	C to SE: Xundian, Chenggong, Mengzi, Maguan; 1500-2000 m
Ph. aurea	Widespread cultivation
Ph. bambusoides	NE to SE: Yongshan, Daguan, Zhaotong, Kunming, and Gejiu; 1150-1700 m
Ph. decora (Ph. mannii)	Widespread cultivation
Ph. glauca	C: Yuxi, and Kunming; 2200 m
Ph. heteroclada	NE: Zhengxiong
Ph. kwangisiensis	Cultivation in C: Kunming
Ph. meyeri	C and SE: Kunming, Anning, Xichou, and Maguan; 1300-1800m
Ph. nidularia	NE: Yongshan
Ph. nigra	Widespread cultivation
Ph. nigra var. henonis	C: Chenggong, Kunming
Ph. praecox	C: Kunming
Ph. pubescens	NE to C: Yiliang, Yanjin, and Kunming
Racemobambos prainii	W: Longling, Tengchong, and Lushui; 1500-2000 m
R. yunnanensis	W
Qiongzhuea tumidinoda	NE: Gaguan, Yongshan, Yiliang, and Suijiang; 1600-2200 m; Cultivation in Kunming
Q. montigena	NE: Zhaotong; 2320-2500 m
Schizostachyum chinensis	SE to S: Mengzi, Pingbian, Jinping, Menghai, and Shuangjiang; 1500-2500 m
Schizostachyum funghomii	SE to S <1000 m
S. jiangchengensis	S: Jiangcheng, 400-500 m
S. pingbianensis	SE: Pingbian, 1740 m
S. pseudolima	SE to S: Maguan, Jinping, Menghai, and Mengla; <1000 m
S. sanguieum	SE
Sinobambusa intermedia	SE: Wenshan
S. seminuda	E: Luoping
Teinostachyum yunnanensis	SE: Wenshan
Thamnocalamus tengchongensis	W: Tengchong, and Yunlong; 2530-3100 m
Thyrsostachys oliveri	S: Xishuangbanna, 580 m
Th. siamensis	S: Xishuangbanna, Lancang, and Longchuan
Yushania andropogonoides	E: Luoping, 2050 m
Y. bojieiana	SE: Jinping, 2150-2300 m
Y. brevis	SE: Luchun, 2000 m
Y. crassicollis	C: Xinping, 2450-2600 m
Y. elevata	W: Tengchong, 2000-2300 m
Y. elevata var. pianmaensis	W: Lushui, 2100 m
Y. falcatiaurita	W: Tengchong, 1710 m
Y. flexa	SE: Luchun
Y. forcticaulis	W: Gongshan, 1900-2800 m
Y. forcticaulis var. brevinoda	W: Fugong, 2200 m
Y. glandulosa	SW to W: Yingjiang, and Lushui; 1800-2400 m
Y. grammata	NE: Weixin, 1270 m
Y. laetevirens	Northeastern: Suijiang
Y. levigata	SW: Fengqing, Lincang, Jinggu, and Changning; 2300-3000 m
Y. longiuscula	SE: Mengzi, 2100-2800 m
Y. maculata	E: Dongchuan, 1800-2700 m
Y. menghaiensis	S: Menghai, 2300 m
Y. mitis	NE: Yongshan, 1800-2500 m
Y. multirama	E: Luoping, 2320-2550 m
Y. oblonga	SE: Wenshan, 2600-3000 m
Y. pauciramificans	C: Xinping, 2510 m
Y. polytricha	W and C: Baoshan, and Kunming; 1900-2300 m
Y. pubenula	W to C: Lanping, Tengchong, Baoshan, and Kunming; 1900-2650 m
Y. qiaojiaensis	NE: Qiaojia, 3100 m
Y. straminea	NE: Yongshan
Y. suijiangensis	NE: Suijiang
Y. vigens	W: Baoshan, 1950-2500 m
Y. violascens	NW: Lijiang, and Yangbi; 2440-3400 m
Y. weixiensis	W: Weixi, 2200-2300 m

Note: C - Centre Yunnan; E - East Yunnan; NE - Northeast Yunnan; NW - Northwest Yunnan; S - South Yunnan, SE - Southeast Yunnan; SW - Southwest; W - West Yunnan.

References

Hui, C. 1990. Study on the natural community of Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro. Journal of Bamboo Research 9(4):24-38.

McClure, F.A. 1966. The Bamboos - a Fresh Perspective. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Uchimura, E. 1987. Growth environment and characteristics of some tropical bamboos. Bamboo Journal No. 4:51-60.

Wang, K. and C. Hsueh. 1994. A preliminary study on geographical distribution and types of bamboo forest in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. Guihaia 14(2):144-150.

Wong, K.M. 1995. The Bamboos of Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Forest Record, No. 41.

Xue, J., Y. Yang, C. Hui and R. Li (eds.). 1995. Bamboo Resources in Yunnan and their Exploitation and Utilization. Yunnan Press of Sciences and Technology, Kunming, China.

Yang, Y. 1997. A study on biological characteristics and individual structure of Schizostachyum funghomii. Journal of Bamboo Research 16(2):8-20.

Fig. 2 Epiphytic bamboo.

Fig. 3 Epiphytic bamboo showing gregarious habit.

Fig. 4 Bamboo clump, shaped like a tree.